Child Labor in London.
Child labor in london is a major problem. 18th century "Child Labor" usually refers to childern who work to produce a product that is sold in a marketplace whether or not they get paid. These childern are working just like adults, with little or no pay. Children who work in homes were either apprentices, chimney sweeps, domestic servants, or assistants in the family business. Childern live and work with their masters full time, and they can be sold for five pounds at auctions. These children are usually orphans or kids who have no one who will look after them, and they are forced into this trade. Child laborers work long hours, and they eat about a meal a day. Sleeping conditions for these children are terrible, and if the kids get bad masters, they could be beat and abused for the smallest things.
Women In The 18th Century
Women in 18th century England have no major role in society. Women are relegated to stay at home as a housewife, cooking and cleaning for the family. Women are thought to be imperior to men, and therefor they can't take leadership roles, and they can't even vote! In the 18th century, woman can choose if they want to accompany the army on their campaigns so as to earn money. Virtually every aspect of English life between 1674 and 1913 was influenced by gender. Long-held views about the particular strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate responsibilities of each sex shape everyday lives, patterns of crime, and responses to crime. In marriage, men rule completely over the women, and women have little to no say about what goes on in their everyday lives.
Inventions in 18th century england
1810 Printing Press By Frederick Koenig
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Koenig
Fredrick Koeing was a german inventor best known for his high-speed printing press. The first issue of The Times Newspaper printed with the new presses was published in 1814. In 1817 Koenig returned to Germany because of a disagreement with his partner Thomas Bensly. After consideration, he then chose an abandoned monastery in Wurzburg for the factory of the printing presses.
Fredrick Koeing was a german inventor best known for his high-speed printing press. The first issue of The Times Newspaper printed with the new presses was published in 1814. In 1817 Koenig returned to Germany because of a disagreement with his partner Thomas Bensly. After consideration, he then chose an abandoned monastery in Wurzburg for the factory of the printing presses.
1861 Bicylce By Pierre Michaux
Pierre was a blacksmith who furnished parts for the carrige trade in Paris during the 1850s and 1860s. He started building bicycles with pedals in the early 1860s. He, or his son Ernest, may have been the inventor of this machine, by adapting cranks and pedals on the front wheel of a draisine.
1866 Dynamite By Alfred Nobel
Dynamite is an explosive material based on nitrogylcerin. Dynamite was invented by the Sweedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesth, Germany, and patented in 1867. It's name came from the Ancient Greek word Dynamis, meaning power. Dynamite is a high explosive, which means its power comes from detonation, rather than deflagration. Dynamite is mainly used in the mining, quarring, construction, and demolition industries.
1880 Light Bulb By Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison was an American Inventor and bussinessman. Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents to his name. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. More significant than the number of Edison's patents, are the impacts of his
inventions.
inventions.
1892 Diesel Engine By Rudolf Diesel
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition and burn the feul that has been injected. Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary stream engine.
1893 Zipper By L.L. Judson
Judson was an inventor who was awarded 30 patents over a sixteen-year career. He received fourteen patents on street railway ideas before his most noteworthy invention — a chain-lock fastener. Judson’s metal zipper fastener device was called a "clasp-locker" in his day, not a zipper. The "clasp locker" was a complicated hook-and-eye fastener with an arrangement of hooks and eyes run by a "guide" for closing and opening an item.
Biography Of George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse, Jr. (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914), was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry. George Westinghouse was famous for his many inventions, including the rotary steam engine. Westinghouse was 19 years old when he created his first invention, the rotary steam engine. In 1867, Westinghouse met and soon married Marguerite Erskine Walker. In their nearly forty-seven years of marriage they had one son, George Westinghouse 3rd. In 1869, at age 22, he invented a railroad braking system using compressed air, after he had witnessed a railroad crash, and the old brakes on the engines did not work as well as people thought they would. It was in time nearly universally adopted. Modern trains use brakes in various forms based on this design. The same conceptual design of fail-safe air brake is
also found on heavy trucks today. 1879 Edison invented an improved incadesent light bulb, and realized the need for an electrical distribution system to provide power for lighting.
also found on heavy trucks today. 1879 Edison invented an improved incadesent light bulb, and realized the need for an electrical distribution system to provide power for lighting.
Biography Of Samuel Colt
Samuel Colt (July 19, 1814 – January 10, 1862) was an American inventor and industrialist from Hartford, Connecticut. Colts first two bussiness ventures, making firearms in New Jersey and underwater mines, ended in disappiontment. His bussiness expaneded rapidly when the Texas Rangers ordered 1000 revolvers for the American War with Mexico. During the American Civil War, Samuel's company supplied both the north and the south. Colts manufacturing methods were at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution. his use of interchangable parts helped him become one of the first to exploit the assembly line. Samuel was critized for using bad methods to sell his guns, he used bribes, threats, and monopoly. In 1832 Samuel Colt went to England to patend his revoling flintlock, and it sold with great populatity. The flintlock was Colts first patend. Upon his return to America, he applied for his US patent for a "revolving gun"; he was granted the patent in 1836. Colt died in 1862 as one of the richest men in America. Although by the end of 1837 the Arms Company had made over 1,000 weapons, there were no sales. Colt undermined his own company by reckless spending sprees. The company was briefly saved by the war against the Seminoles in Florida which provided the first sale of Colt's revolvers and his new revolving muskets. The soldiers in Florida praised the new weapon, but the unusual hammerless design, sixty years ahead of its time, led to difficulty in training men who were used to exposed-hammer guns.
Medical Breakthrough!
For many centuries, smallpox devastated mankind. we dont have to worry about this anymore thanks to the remarkable work of Edward Jenner. Edward Jenner is well known around the world for his innovative contribution to immunization and the ultimate eradication of smallpox. The origin of small pox is lost in prehistory. It is believed to have appeared around 10,000 BC, at the time of the first agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa. The earliest evidence of skin lesions resembling those of smallpox is found on faces of mummies from the time of the 18th and 20th Egyptian Dynasties. Smallpox was introduced to Europe sometime between the fifth and seventh centuries and was frequently epidemic in the Middle Ages. Smallpox was introduced by the Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors. Smallpox came to America because of the slave trade because many slaves came from regions in Africa where smallpox was endemic. Smallpox affected all levels of society. In the 18th century in Europe, 400,000 people died annually of smallpox, and one third of the survivors went blind. Smallpox has many different nicknames, suchs as the “speckled monster” and "variola". The case-fatality rate varied from 20% to 60% and left most survivors with disfiguring scars. The case-fatality rate in infants was even higher, approaching 80% in London and 98% in Berlin during the late 1800s. It was common knowledge that survivors of smallpox became immune to the disease. The most sucessful way to contain/cure the disease was to get the disease from someone and then "infect" a person so they would then be immune. the process was very painful for both the infected and non-infected. In 1757, an 8-year-old boy was inoculated with smallpox. the procedure was sucessful. this young boy in known as Edward Jenner. In 1796, Edward Jenner found a young dairymaid, who had fresh cowpox. He then injected a young boy with this, and the boy developed mild fever and discomfort in the axillae. Nine days after the procedure he felt cold and had lost his appetite, but on the next day he was much better. In 1796, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. No disease developed, and Jenner concluded that protection was complete. The Latin word for cow is vacca, and cowpox is vaccinia; Jenner decided to call this new procedure vaccination!
THE LUDDITIES
I beleive that the luddities were just desperate people who wanted a change in the way they worked. If i were working for 14 hours straight in the 1700s, i wouldn't like it at all. These are just normal people, trying to live a normal life, but they can't. These people are getting pushed to the limits, for little wage, or none at all. And these people go a little "batty", and they start to break machines, and hurt their fellow co-workers. Some of this still going on today, and this, in my opinon, is not okay.
Luddities Simulation Outcome
During 1812, attacks on mills using new machinery increased, so much so that thousands of soldiers were sent to the North of England to protect the factories.
11th April - William Cartwright's Rawfolds Mill attacked by around 150 Luddites. A battle occurs and two Luddites are killed.
28th April - Samuel Horsfall, owner of Ottiwells Mill, is shot and killed. House
searches and arrests of many local men begin.
January 1813 - Three men, including George Mellor, are executed at York Castle for Horsfall's murder, 14 more are hanged for the attack on Rawfold's mill. Many more are transported to Australia. One of the Huddersfield Luddites, Benjamin Walker, goes free after giving evidence against the others.
March 1813 - The authorities report that the Huddersfield area is quiet.
If you want to find out more about the Luddites try these websites:
Luddites in Huddersfield and the Spen Valley Spartacus Schoolnet
11th April - William Cartwright's Rawfolds Mill attacked by around 150 Luddites. A battle occurs and two Luddites are killed.
28th April - Samuel Horsfall, owner of Ottiwells Mill, is shot and killed. House
searches and arrests of many local men begin.
January 1813 - Three men, including George Mellor, are executed at York Castle for Horsfall's murder, 14 more are hanged for the attack on Rawfold's mill. Many more are transported to Australia. One of the Huddersfield Luddites, Benjamin Walker, goes free after giving evidence against the others.
March 1813 - The authorities report that the Huddersfield area is quiet.
If you want to find out more about the Luddites try these websites:
Luddites in Huddersfield and the Spen Valley Spartacus Schoolnet
Child Workers
Top 5 points on child workers in mills, farms, and mines.
1.) Children who work in the mills vary from age. Spinners who have been working over a year, and they are only 11. Some kids have been workingh for so long, they forget how old they are. The mills are full of young childern, who say they are just "popping in" or "just stopping by".
2.) Newsies are young children who go around town selling newspapers to people. These children work all day, for just 48 cents.Childern who are just five years old can become newsies, and most of these children are orphans, there mother and or father has died.
3.) these kids apper to be appears to be 12 or 14 years old and they are working in the mines for about a year. It is hard work and dangerous. The kids are small enough to fit in the mine shafts, making them perfect to be i9n the mines.
4.) Children under the age of 14 can be used in factories to make cigars and women are there to do the knitting. The youngsters all smoke. The childern end up deformed and diseased.
5.) Kids who work on farms are much younger, toddlers are put to use out in the feilds. A family of four, working six days a week for two months is expected to make about $700. Work in the feilds is long hard work.
1.) Children who work in the mills vary from age. Spinners who have been working over a year, and they are only 11. Some kids have been workingh for so long, they forget how old they are. The mills are full of young childern, who say they are just "popping in" or "just stopping by".
2.) Newsies are young children who go around town selling newspapers to people. These children work all day, for just 48 cents.Childern who are just five years old can become newsies, and most of these children are orphans, there mother and or father has died.
3.) these kids apper to be appears to be 12 or 14 years old and they are working in the mines for about a year. It is hard work and dangerous. The kids are small enough to fit in the mine shafts, making them perfect to be i9n the mines.
4.) Children under the age of 14 can be used in factories to make cigars and women are there to do the knitting. The youngsters all smoke. The childern end up deformed and diseased.
5.) Kids who work on farms are much younger, toddlers are put to use out in the feilds. A family of four, working six days a week for two months is expected to make about $700. Work in the feilds is long hard work.